Comparison Of Sleep Hygiene Index In Virtual, Textbook And Hybrid Learners In Undergraduate Students
Keywords:
Sleep Hygiene, Screen Time, Circadian RhythmAbstract
BACKGROUND: Sleep hygiene is a set of behavioral and environmental factors that promote healthy sleep (1). The digital age has changed the way we learn by incorporating technology with textbooks. Screens emitting blue light suppress melatonin release and alter the Circadian rhythm, leading to an irregular sleep-wake cycle and poor sleep quality, which can be measured by sleep hygiene (2-9). Healthcare students are at an increased risk of developing poor sleep hygiene due to their long study and clinical hours. This study explores the relationship between different learning modes (textbook, virtual, and hybrid) and sleep hygiene among students at Shalamar Institute of Health Sciences.
METHODS: An IRB-approved, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted with a sample size of 400 students from Shalamar Institute of Health Sciences. Participants were selected through simple randomization, ensuring equal representation from each academic year. The study utilized a Sleep Hygiene Questionnaire, which included demographic questions, mode of study, study screen time, and the validated Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) (6). SHI scores were categorized into three groups based on the Likert scale: healthy (scores <26), normal (scores 27-43), and unhealthy (scores >35). Data were analyzed using SPSS 20, employing chi-square tests to assess associations between learning modes and SHI scores, correlation analysis to examine the relationship between study screen time and SHI scores, and ANOVA to identify differences in SHI scores among different learning modes. Tukey’s HSD post hoc test was used to further interpret significant findings.
RESULTS: Of the 400 students, 20.9% identified as textbook learners, 20.9% as virtual learners, and 58.1% as hybrid learners. Analysis of SHI scores revealed that 22.4% of students had unhealthy sleep hygiene, 23.3% had normal sleep hygiene, and 54.4% had healthy sleep hygiene. The chi-square test showed a significant association between learning mode and SHI scores (p < 0.05). Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between study screen time and SHI scores (r = 0.36, p = 0.01), indicating that higher screen time is associated with poorer sleep hygiene. ANOVA results revealed significant differences in SHI scores among different learning modes, with virtual learners scoring worse compared to textbook and hybrid learners. The Tukey’s HSD test provided further details on these differences, showing that virtual learners had significantly higher SHI scores, suggesting poorer sleep hygiene.
CONCLUSION: The study concluded that virtual learners exhibited poorer sleep hygiene compared to textbook and hybrid learners. Increased screen time associated with virtual learning is linked to higher SHI scores, suggesting that extended use of electronic devices negatively affects sleep hygiene. These findings highlight the need for strategies to manage screen time and promote better sleep practices among students engaged in virtual learning.
Metrics
References
Hauri P. Sleep hygiene. In: Hauri P, editor. Current Concepts: The Sleep Disorders. The Upjohn Company Kalamazoo, MI: 1977. pp. 21–35.
Khare R, Mahour J, Ohary R, Kumar S. Impact of online classes, screen time, naps on sleep, and assessment of sleep-related problems in medical college students during lockdown due to coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 202111:56-61
AlShareef SM. The impact of bedtime technology use on sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness in adults. Sleep Sci. 2022 Apr-Jun15(Spec 2):318-327. doi: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200128. PMID: 35371396
Azad MC, Fraser K, Rumana N, Abdullah AF, Shahana N, Hanly PJ. Sleep disturbances among medical students: a global perspective. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015 Jan11(1):69–74.
Anwer S, Alghadir A, Manzar MD, Noohu MM, Salahuddin M, Li H. Psychometric Analysis Of The Sleep Hygiene Index And Correlation With Stress And Anxiety Among Saudi University Students. Nat Sci Sleep. 201911:325-332
Khare R, Mahour J, Ohary R, Kumar S. Impact of online classes, screen time, naps on sleep, and assessment of sleep-related problems in medical college students during lockdown due to coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 202111(01):56-61
Ananthachari KR, Sonavane R. Assessment of sleep hygiene among medical students at Gadag District, Karnataka. Indian J Forensic Community Med. 2017 Apr Jun4(2):77–80
Waqas A, Khan S, Sharif W, Khalid U, Ali A. Association of academic stress with sleeping difficulties in medical students of Pakistani medical school: a cross-sectional survey. Peer J. 2015 Mar3:e840.
Shafique Z, Syed F, Naz S, Urooj S, Khan S, Javed S. Assessment of factors affecting the sleep hygiene of medical students in Bahawalpur, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. Sleep Sci. 2021 Jul-Sep14(3):273-279. doi: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200063. PMID: 35186206 PMCID:
PMC8848526.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Hania Latif Sami, S. Fatemah Raza Zaidi, Mian Ahmed Haroon, Ata Ul Haiy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site; with the understanding that the above condition can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from the Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Enforcement of copyright
The IJMS takes the protection of copyright very seriously.
If the IJMS discovers that you have used its copyright materials in contravention of the license above, the IJMS may bring legal proceedings against you seeking reparation and an injunction to stop you using those materials. You could also be ordered to pay legal costs.
If you become aware of any use of the IJMS' copyright materials that contravenes or may contravene the license above, please report this by email to contact@ijms.org
Infringing material
If you become aware of any material on the website that you believe infringes your or any other person's copyright, please report this by email to contact@ijms.org
