Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Medical Education: Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

Authors

  • Manali Sarkar Intern, MGM Medical College Navi, Mumbai, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-2907
  • Mihnea-Alexandru Găman MD, PhD(c), Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania & Department of Hematology, Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania. Scientific Editor, IJMS https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7133-8875
  • Juan C. Puyana MD, FACS, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Professor of Surgery, Critical Care Medicine, and Clinical Translational Science, Director for Global Health-Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. O'Brien Professor of Global Surgery for Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI). Editorial Board Member, IJMS https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4284-4693
  • Francisco J. Bonilla-Escobar MD, MSc, PhD, Department of Ophtalmology; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Fundación Somos Ciencia al Servicio de la Comunidad, Fundación SCISCO/Science to Serve the Community Foundation, SCISCO Foundation, Cali Colombia. Grupo de investigación en Visión y Salud Ocular, VISOC, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Editor in Chief, IJMS. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-3482

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2626

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence, Medical Education, Training Support, Machine Learning, Algorithms, Research Design, Data Analysis, Natural Language Processing, Ethics, Medical, Bias (Epidemiology), Personalized Medicine, Academic Integrity, Curriculum, Learning, Decision Making, Computer-Assisted, Diagnostic Imaging, Information Storage and Retrieval, Patient Safety, Data Privacy, Technology Assessment, Biomedical

Abstract

AI's rise in medicine promises personalized care, better diagnoses, and innovative training. It analyzes images, predicts diseases, and tailors treatments. However, ethical concerns loom. Biased data can lead to unfair diagnoses, and some AI systems lack transparency, raising trust issues. The editorial proposes solutions: ethical frameworks, transparent AI, and legal regulations. It envisions a future where AI complements doctors, requiring collaboration across fields. To prepare future physicians, medical schools need to integrate AI and ethics into their curriculum. AI holds immense potential, but challenges must be addressed. Through collaboration and responsible development, AI can revolutionize medicine alongside human expertise.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Amisha, Malik P, Pathania M, Rathaur VK. Overview of artificial intelligence in medicine. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(7):2328-2331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_440_19

Bekbolatova M, Mayer J, Ong CW, Toma M. Transformative Potential of AI in Healthcare: Definitions, Applications, and Navigating the Ethical Landscape and Public Perspectives. Healthcare (Basel). 2024;12(2):125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12020125

Warren A. Can AI really pass the Turing test? WildefirePR. 2023 Jan 3. Accessed from: https://www.wildfirepr.com/blog/can-ai-really-pass-the-turing-test/#:~:text=Not%20long%20ago%2C%20Google%20demonstrated,20th%2Dcentury%20mathematician%20Alan%20Turing.

Study finds ChatGPT’s latest bot behaves like humans, only better. Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. 2024 Feb 22. Accessed from: https://humsci.stanford.edu/feature/study-finds-chatgpts-latest-bot-behaves-humans-only-better#:~:text=In%20the%20study%2C%20ChatGPT's%20version,have%20won%20itself%20many%20friends.

Wong DJ, Gandomkar Z, Wu WJ, Zhang G, Gao W, He X, Wang Y, Reed W. Artificial intelligence and convolution neural networks assessing mammographic images: a narrative literature review. J Med Radiat Sci. 2020;67(2):134-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.385

Mir MM, Mir GM, Raina NT, Mir SM, Mir SM, Miskeen E, Alharthi MH, Alamri MMS. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2023;11(3):133-140.

Kiester L, Turp C. Artificial intelligence behind the scenes: PubMed's Best Match algorithm. J Med Libr Assoc. 2022;110(1):15-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2022.1236

Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of bioethics. 7th ed. Oxford University Press; 2013.

Misselhorn C. Artificial Moral Agents: Conceptual Issues and Ethical Controversy. In p. 31–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009207898.005

Susser D, Roessler B, and Nissenbaum H. Online Manipulation: Hidden Influences in a Digital World. Georgetown L. Techn. Rev. 2019; 4(1):1–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3306006

Omiye JA, Lester JC, Spichak S, Rotemberg V, Daneshjou R. Large language models propagate race-based medicine. NPJ Digit Med. 2023;6(1):195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00939-z

Norori N, Hu Q, Aellen FM, Faraci FD, Tzovara A. Addressing bias in big data and AI for health care: A call for open science. Patterns (N Y). 2021;2(10):100347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2021.100347

Farhud DD, Zokaei S. Ethical Issues of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(11):i-v. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i11.7600

Philibert RA, Terry N, Erwin C, Philibert WJ, Beach SR, Brody GH. Methylation array data can simultaneously identify individuals and convey protected health information: An unrecognized ethical concern. Clin Epigenetics. 2014;6:28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1868-7083-6-28

Gerke S, Minssen T, Cohen G. Ethical and legal challenges of artificial intelligence-driven healthcare. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. 2020:295-336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818438-7.00012-5

Ahmad SF, Han H, Alam MM, Rehmat MK, Irshad M, Arraño-Muñoz M, et al. Impact of artificial intelligence on human loss in decision making, laziness and safety in education. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. 2023;10(1):311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01842-4

Damiani G, Altamura G, Zedda M, Nurchis MC, Aulino G, Heidar Alizadeh A, Cazzato F, Della Morte G, Caputo M, Grassi S, Oliva A; D.3.2 group. Potentiality of algorithms and artificial intelligence adoption to improve medication management in primary care: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2023;13(3):e065301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065301

Asan O, Bayrak AE, Choudhury A. Artificial Intelligence and Human Trust in Healthcare: Focus on Clinicians. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(6):e15154.

Vasireddy A. Deepfake Dangers: Unmasking the Impact of AI-Generated Image Manipulation on Girls and Society. Medium. 2023 Sep 27. https://medium.com/@anivasireddy/deepfake-dangers-unmasking-the-impact-of-ai-generated-image-manipulation-on-girls-and-society-bc6b10d58d1c

Civaner MM, Uncu Y, Bulut F, Chalil EG, Tatli A. Artificial intelligence in medical education: a cross-sectional needs assessment. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22(1):772. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03852-3

Asan O, Bayrak AE, Choudhury A. Artificial Intelligence and Human Trust in Healthcare: Focus on Clinicians. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(6):e15154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/15154

Quinn TP, Coghlan S. Readying medical students for medical AI: The need to embed AI ethics education. arXiv preprint

Li, Q., Qin, Y. AI in medical education: medical student perception, curriculum recommendations and design suggestions. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23(1):852. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04700-8

Faihs L, Neumann-Opitz C, Kainberger F, Druml C. Ethics teaching in medical school: the perception of medical students. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 2024;136(5-6):129–136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-022-02127-7

AlMahmoud T, Hashim MJ, Elzubeir MA, Branicki F. Ethics teaching in a medical education environment: preferences for diversity of learning and assessment methods. Med Educ Online. 2017;22(1):1328257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2017.1328257

UNESCO bioethics chair. Training courses. Accessed from: https://www.unescobiochair.org/training-courses/

Lee JY. Can an artificial intelligence chatbot be the author of a scholarly article? J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2023;20:6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2022.20.6

Kacena MA, Plotkin LI, Fehrenbacher JC. The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Writing Scientific Review Articles. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2024;22(1):115-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-023-00852-0

Habibzadeh F. GPTZero Performance in Identifying Artificial Intelligence-Generated Medical Texts: A Preliminary Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2023;38(38):e319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e319

Bellini V, Semeraro F, Montomoli J, Cascella M, Bignami E. Between human and AI: assessing the reliability of AI text detection tools. Curr Med Res Opin. 2024;40(3):353-358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2024.2310086

Mohamed KO, Ahmed AA, Zaki EA, Soumit SM, Allam WA, Mohamed AM. Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Associated Risk Factors Among Medical Students in Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Study at Omdurman Islamic University. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):14-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2095

Gul N, Ali A, Rizwanullah, Khayam, Khan MS, Gul F, et al. Prioritizing Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Depression Prevalence and Risk Factors among Medical Students in Peshawar, Pakistan. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):22-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2173

Ozdemir E, Yazarkan Y, Pehlivanoglu B. Medical Students’ Stress Levels Are Correlated with Their Sleep Quality and Life Satisfaction. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):53-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2239

Brown LC, Aziz I. Prevalence and Burden of Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction Among UK Medical Students. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):43-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2449

Ganguli S, Chen SW, Maghami S, Corpodean F, Lin PP, Haywood YC, et al. Residency Program Website Content May Not Meet Applicant Needs. Int J Med Stud. 2024;10(1):60-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.1635

Evensen-Martinez M, Santiago M, Martinez R, Beck D, Trawick A, Zapata I, et al. The Influence of Pre-Trip Medical Spanish Education on a US-Based, Medical Student Service Trip: A Cohort Study. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):35-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2441

LeBron KA, Bielawski A, Popiel P, Shams S, Grimes CL. Antibiotic Appropriateness on Mondays vs. Fridays: Empiric Treatment of Simple Cystitis in the Emergency Department. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):29-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2105

Dailey AR. A Review of Psychosocial Factors on Birth Outcomes in Women with Substance Use Disorder in the United States: The Importance of Preventing Relapse During Sustained Remission. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):69-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2166

Rafiq HS, Blair E. Medical Students’ Study Habits Through a Sociocultural Lens: A Systematic Literature Review. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):83-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2200

Saldaña-Ruiz MA, Ortiz-Alonso F, Sandoval-González AC, Tapia-Brito LS, Lozano-Galván LC, Ramírez-Pintor KM. Fulminant Hepatic Failure as the Initial Presentation of Hodgkin's Disease and Liver Transplantation: A Case Report. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):92-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2023.2240

González-Zuelgaray J, Frangi PI, Longo DA, Tosoni LB, Baranchuk A. Severe Hyperkalemia: Electrocardiographic Tips for Early Recognition Based on a Case Report. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):96-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.1907

Iba C, Namba M, Kaneda Y, Ando T. Public Health Outreach in Impoverished Areas of Cambodia: Addressing the Issues Related to Prescription Practices. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):100-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2326

Namba M, Shinohara M, Sela S, Khouch K, Kaneda Y, Haruyama R. Grassroots HPV Vaccine Education in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: A Personal Reflection. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):103-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2256

Akpegah GK. From Theory to Practice: Reflections of a Medical Student's Rural Posting in a Leprosy Hospital. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):106-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2416

Dubbaka S, Lentz T. The Importance of Understanding Social Determinants of Health as Medical Students: My Experience with the Cincinnati Homeless Coalition. Int J Med Stud. 2024 Jan-Mar;12(1):109-111.

McGee M. Becoming a Physician: A 40-year Retrospective on Medical Socialization. Int J Med Stud. 2024;12(1):112-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2508

This image serves as a digital illustration for the editorial titled 'Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Medical Education: Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.' It features a futuristic scene where a robotic arm conducts a surgical procedure on a human patient, symbolizing the precision of AI in medical applications. Surrounding the operating table, medical professionals and students utilize virtual reality headsets and holographic displays for learning and simulation, highlighting AI's role in medical education. The background incorporates elements of binary code and neural network patterns, representing the technological foundation of AI. The color scheme of blues and whites suggests innovation, cleanliness, and trust in the intersection of AI with healthcare.

Downloads

Published

2024-04-12 — Updated on 2024-07-25

How to Cite

Sarkar, M., Găman, M.-A., Puyana, J. C., & Bonilla-Escobar, F. J. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Medical Education: Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions. International Journal of Medical Students, 12(1), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2024.2626

Issue

Vol. 12 No. 1 (2024)

Section

Editorial

Categories

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

  1. The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
  2. Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
  3. The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
    1. Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site; with the understanding that the above condition can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
    2. The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
    3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
    4. Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
    5. The Author represents and warrants that:
      1. the Work is the Author’s original work;
      2. the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
      3. the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
      4. the Work has not previously been published;
      5. the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
      6. the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
    6. The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from the Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.

Enforcement of copyright

The IJMS takes the protection of copyright very seriously.

If the IJMS discovers that you have used its copyright materials in contravention of the license above, the IJMS may bring legal proceedings against you seeking reparation and an injunction to stop you using those materials. You could also be ordered to pay legal costs.

If you become aware of any use of the IJMS' copyright materials that contravenes or may contravene the license above, please report this by email to contact@ijms.org

 

Infringing material

If you become aware of any material on the website that you believe infringes your or any other person's copyright, please report this by email to contact@ijms.org

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 > >>